Artificial intelligence

Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, written by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, is the textbook most widely used to teach AI, adopted in more than 1,500 universities across 135 countries. First published in 1995, it presents the field through a single unifying idea: an intelligent agent is one that acts rationally, choosing the action expected to best achieve its goals given what it knows. From there, the book works through search and planning, knowledge representation and logic, probabilistic reasoning, machine learning, natural language, robotics, and computer vision, building each topic on the ones before it. The fourth edition, published in 2021, substantially expanded the coverage of deep learning, reinforcement learning, fairness, and AI safety to reflect how much the field had changed since the first edition appeared. Equally at home as a university course text or a working reference, it is the book most AI researchers cite as where they first learned the field.